| The injection of sample volumes as small as 10-20 nanoliters is extremely valuable whenever very concentrated samples have to be analyzed, since the main constituents usually and easily overload the capillary column even at the highest achievable split ratios.
The key elements are the use of a low capacity syringe (0.5 µL) with in-needle-plunger (zero volume needle), combined with an upper-tapered liner and with the cold needle injection technique.
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