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Because molecules are never static, especially in gases and liquids, another type of line broadening appears. As the molecules collide with one another, they disturb the energies of the outer electrons. This motion is random in nature, causing the line shape to broaden significantly. The broadened line shape, termed Gaussian, tends to have much smaller wings and greater intensity under the center peak in comparison to the Lorentzian line shape. Events based upon a statistical distribution or a random process are governed by a Gaussian distribution. One familiar example is the "bell-shaped" curve, commonly used in statistics to describe population distributions. In spectroscopy, random processes such as molecular collisions and the Doppler effect, result in a response that is Gaussian. If this interaction is severe enough, it becomes the predominant influence forming the response line shape.
where X0 = position H = height W = FWHH |
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